วันจันทร์ที่ 25 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2558

References

"Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet." : National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). N.p., May 2013. Web. 22 Apr. 2015. <http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydrocephalus/detail_hydrocephalus.htm>.

"Hydrocephalus." KidsHealth - the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's Health. Ed. Manish Shah. The Nemours Foundation, 01 Sept. 2014. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/brain/hydrocephalus.html>.

"Hydrocephalus." - Mayo Clinic. N.p., 02 Aug. 2012. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydrocephalus/basics/definition/con-20030706>.

Professor Jerold Chun. "Scripps Research- News & Views, Scientists Find Clue to Cause of Childhood Hydrocephalus." Scripps Research- News & Views, Scientists Find Clue to Cause of Childhood Hydrocephalus. N.p., 26 Sept. 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20110926/chun.html>.

Simon Allanach's. "What Is Hydrocephalus?" What Is Hydrocephalus? N.p., 2012. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://hydrocephalus.allanach.dk/hydrocephalus>.


วันอาทิตย์ที่ 26 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2558

Introduction

Hydrocephalus is a condition which fluid accumulates in the brain. It is typically happened in young children and it will enlarge head and causing brain damage. The hydrocephalus name was literally means "water in the brain". The word Hydro means water and cephalus means head in Greek words. The buildup of fluid can raise intracranial pressure inside the skull which compresses surrounding the brain tissue. Hence, it is possibly causing progressive enlargement of the head and brain damage. Hydrocephalus can be fatal if untreated.

Hydrocephalus cause the headaches, vomiting, blurred vision, cognitive problems and walking difficulties. There are 3 types of hydrocephalus;  

§  Congenital Hydrocephalus
§  Acquired Hydrocephalus
§  Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

It was reported by National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA approximately 700,000 American children and adults live with Hydrocephalus. According to NIH, there are more than 180 different possible causes of Hydrocephalus and the most common factor is being brain hemorrhage linked to premature birth.

Symptoms

Hydrocephalus symptoms are influenced depends on the patient’s age. It is mostly occur in children, especially infants. Hence, it is also can be seen in normal adults as well.

Infants

  • the infant’s head will rapidly increase in size
  •  bulging at the soft spots
  • downward deviation of the eye

Depending on how is the baby’s condition? Some of them seem to be sleepy and vomit/seizures. Most of children with this disease will failure to develop themselves. The disease will lead the children to have slow feeling and at the end no feeling. Other disorder diseases that might occur are Alzheimer, Parkinson, Creutzfeldt- Jakob and Deflects responsiveness to touch.

Toddlers and Older Children

                 
                    Physical signs


             Behavioral & Cognitive Changes

               Abnormal head enlargement


                      Can’t control their mind

               Sleepiness – hard to wake up


                            Less Attention

                     Nausea and Vomiting


            Delays in Walking / Talking Skill

                              Seizures




Young and Middle Aged Adults

  • Headache
  • Loss in balance
  • Decline in memory and thinking skill
  • Sleepiness - hard to wake up
  • Can't control urination
Older Adults
  • Can’t control urination
  •   Lack of responding
  • Loss in balance
  • Loss of memory
  • Lack of walking / talking skills
Normal pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) – more common in 60+ patients which cause in memory loss and emotional changes



Diagnosis

        1.     During pregnancy a routine prenatal may detect hydrocephalus in the developing of fetus

        2.     After birth measured regularly the head of baby. If there is hydrocephalus is abnormalities in the head size, baby should proceed to further diagnostic tests

        3.     For patients who aged 50 years and over the Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus is trickier. This is because symptoms are more subtle and do not appear suddenly


        4.     Hydrocephalus patients are advice to follow checklist for diagnose normal pressure hydrocephalus

ü  How’s the patient’s walk
ü  What is the patient’s mental ability
ü  The signs of urinary incontinence
ü  The follow up of levels of cerebrospinal fluid than normal 

Causes

Normal People
The hydrocephalus may cause by
·       Head injuries, bleeding inside the brain
·       Head/ brain surgery
Which they can cause to abnormal flowing CSF?
Hydrocephalus is cause by abnormal condition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a person brain. Abnormal condition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) included obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow, brain abnormal development, and infectious etiologies; in adult it might causes by high pressure.
Infant
In the same case, hydrocephalus is found before the baby is born which it might cause by
·       Incomplete close of spinal column
·       Genetic defects
·       Injuries during pregnancy and after delivery. Especially prematurely born babies
·       Central nervous system tumors 

Treatments

1.     Urgent treatment is needed for both types of hydrocephalus to alleviate intracranial pressure. This is because it will affect human heartbeat and breathing functions.

2.        The surgical insertion of a drainage system renamed as “A shunt”. It is a catheter that placed in the brain to drain away excess fluid into another part of the body. This treatment only need once and no further treatment is required

3.     Ventriculostomy is the surgeon makes a hole in the bottom of a ventricle so that the excess fluid flows towards the base of the brain


One World

Hydrocephalus has existed and being affected 1 out of 500 children. It was caused by variety of medical problems as well as the body abnormality function which it specially happened in brain.  A further discussion about this disease for the patients who being affected are needed especially children. They need special education to overcome this ordinary lifestyle.  As we know hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder which water is accumulate inside the brain called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In normal people CSF is circulate through the brain to the spinal cord as one of the ways in circulatory system. Infants are more discover with this disease due to the developing brain is still in progress and might have some injury during that time. Immature skull, sometime sill open and cause the abnormal condition happens. Children with this disease are suffering with the abnormal enlarged head and compression from the fluid pressure. Patients would have difficulties to speak and memories things. Vomiting and sleepiness are usual symptoms of this disease. Patients can’t control and acknowledge their mind. This might due to the pressure inside the brain that causes the abnormality in consciousness skill.  Their eyes will look like sun set because there is a limited ability to look upward. So far hydrocephalus can cause muscle, growth, development disorder to all people who are affected by this disease.
The current common treatment that uses to treat hydrocephalus is called “shunt”.  It is a known as a surgical insertion where a long tube is need to insert to brain for the fluid to be drain out. Some of the CSF is send back to other parts of the body to be reabsorbing back for example the chamber in the heart part. People who undergo with this treatment will need shunt for the rest of the lives because they should regularly drain the fluids into normal volume. 
In term of socially, children and patient of hydrocephalus should have equal life same with us. As I can see currently only symptomatic treatment exists to cure this disease. Drain out the fluid isn’t the right treatment and the patient must regularly go. For some people who can’t afford they might have difficulty in living. In contrast of treatment, special cares are also needed. Patients are considering disorder and they can control their mind properly. They are still alternative ways to cure this disease but it needs lots money. Children are mostly being separate and have difficulties to face with social. In some cases, this disease is cure naturally from the patient body. Special education cares and environment would help them to cure easily and might further their life longer.
Morally, for people who has not have much money. They can’t afford for every treatment. They have not regularly gone to drain out the fluid which might make significant pain to the patient itself. Normally infants those born with this disease aren’t live longer than 3 years.  In some developing countries like Thailand and Laos, parents have a chance to slay them children if they are unable to be cure at the last stage. In my perspective, it is quite fair; the child isn’t needed to be suffered. It needs to depend on the country’s medical equipment as well. There is no further helps in that current place as well as the people wealthy. 

For the conclusion, I hope to see further technology to cure this disease away. Many children needed to suffer with this disease. Abnormal people are equally need helps and opportunities to our social. Importantly, the brain is the main controlling our coucious and body. Any injury will cause abnormal to us.